譯嚙踝蕭羅嚙質妤
嚙皚嚙踝蕭嚙箠嚙盤嚙箱嚙稼嚙篌嚙瞌嚙瘩 嚙磅嚙踝蕭嚙踝蕭嚙踝蕭嚙踝蕭嚙羯
After the fall of communism, Russia ushered in capitalism by selling off billions of dollars in state assets.
嚙瑾嚙踝蕭嚙瘩嚙緬嚙踝蕭嚙綞嚙踝蕭A嚙碼羅嚙踝蕭嚙緲嚙盤嚙碼嚙踝蕭④Q嚙踝蕭嚙踝蕭嚙踝蕭嚙踝蕭嚙赭有嚙赭產嚙璀嚙踝蕭虒磪鳴蕭D嚙緬嚙瘠
Now, 30 years later, the Russian government is stepping up a wartime campaign to do the opposite: seizing private businesses, this time in the name of national security.
嚙緘嚙踝蕭嚙璀30嚙羯嚙盤嚙踝蕭A嚙碼嚙踝蕭F嚙踝蕭嚙踝蕭嚙稼嚙誰進嚙踝蕭@嚙踝蕭嚙諂時佗蕭吽A嚙誕剁蕭D嚙諉佗蕭G嚙瘡嚙踝蕭a嚙緩嚙踝蕭嚙踝蕭嚙磕嚙緬嚙磅嚙踝蕭嚙緘嚙瘡嚙踝蕭嚙羯嚙瘠
In the past month, courts have ordered Russia嚙踝蕭s largest warehouse owner to be taken over by the state and also directed the nationalization of a major grain exporter. And in the most stunning case, prosecutors filed a lawsuit in January to seize Moscow嚙踝蕭s second-largest airport.
嚙磕嚙踝蕭A嚙糊嚙罵嚙緩嚙磋嚙瞌嚙碼嚙踝蕭怳j嚙踝蕭嚙綞嚙羯嚙諒佗蕭嚙糊嚙赭有嚙璀嚙衛恬蕭嚙豌一嚙踝蕭嚙瘩嚙緯嚙穀嚙踝蕭嚙碼嚙篆嚙諉國有嚙複。嚙諉最令嚙瘡嚙稻嚙賢的嚙論例是嚙璀嚙誼歹蕭1嚙趟提嚙箠嚙璀嚙請求嚙磅嚙踝蕭嚙踝蕭嚙踝蕭嚙踝蕭臚G嚙篌嚙踝蕭嚙踝蕭嚙瘠
The new spate of expropriation expands on the seizures of Western-owned businesses in Russia after President Vladimir Putin嚙踝蕭s invasion of Ukraine began three years ago.
嚙窯嚙諄湛蕭嚙瘤嚙罷嚙締嚙皚嚙瘢嚙瞋嚙皚嚙踝蕭嚙確嚙羯嚙踝蕭A嚙編嚙瑾嚙箠嚙綞嚙踝蕭嚙踝蕭嚙碼嚙篌嚙磅嚙踝蕭嚙箭嚙碼嚙赭的嚙踝蕭嚙踝蕭嚙羯嚙瘠
Critics say the asset seizures are also undermining the last vestiges of Russia嚙踝蕭s rule of law. They have become 嚙踝蕭chaotic嚙踝蕭 and 嚙踝蕭out of control,嚙踝蕭 said Alexandra Prokopenko, a fellow at the Carnegie Russia Eurasia Center in Berlin.
嚙踝蕭嚙踝蕭怐嚙踝蕭隉A嚙赭產嚙踝蕭嚙踝蕭嚙褊也嚙踝蕭嚙箭嚙罷嚙窮嚙碼嚙踝蕭k嚙緞嚙踝蕭嚙諒恬蕭嚙踝蕭嚙瘠嚙緩嚙踝蕭f嚙盤嚙範嚙踝蕭嚙踝蕭X羅嚙踝蕭嚙誹亞歹蕭嚙賠穿蕭s嚙踝蕭嚙褓橘蕭嚙編嚙緩嚙諂．嚙踝蕭嚙踝蕭嚙稻嚙踝蕭_嚙踝蕭嚙豌，嚙踝蕭嚙緘嚙踝蕭嚙豌得嚙線嚙碾嚙衛」嚙衛且嚙線嚙踝蕭嚙踝蕭嚙緞嚙瘠
By seizing lucrative private enterprises, the Kremlin can put large sections of the economy either in state hands or under indirect control of Putin嚙踝蕭s associates, allowing the government to tailor industrial output to the needs of the war effort and also be in a position to introduce price controls. It also aligns with the Russian leader嚙踝蕭s goal of tightening his grip on domestic policy.
嚙緲嚙盤嚙磅嚙踝蕭嚙瞋嚙踝蕭嚙論厚嚙踝蕭嚙踝蕭嚙踝蕭嚙踝蕭~嚙璀嚙皚嚙踝蕭嚙箠嚙盤嚙箱嚙箠嚙瞇嚙篌嚙踝蕭嚙踝蕭嚙篇嚙誶伐蕭扆嚙窮嚙綞嚙踝蕭嚙璀嚙諄由湛蕭嚙瘤嚙踝蕭嚙瞑嚙誶塚蕭嚙踝蕭嚙踝蕭嚙踝蕭A嚙誕政嚙踝蕭嚙踝蕭嚙踝蕭嚙踝蕭嚙羯嚙踝蕭嚙碼嚙褐合嚙諂時需要嚙璀嚙衛荔蕭瑗i嚙踝蕭嚙踝蕭犐嚙瘠嚙緻嚙稽嚙褐合嚙碼嚙踝蕭嚙褕人嚙稼嚙篌嚙踝蕭嚙踝蕭磥綽蕭F嚙踝蕭嚙踝蕭嚙諍標。
Researchers at the London School of Economics have identified more than 200 Russian court rulings to nationalize private companies since the start of the invasion of Ukraine in 2022. The courts, they said, mostly used claims that the companies violated 1990s privatization laws to seize them from businesses deemed 嚙踝蕭unfriendly to the Kremlin regime.嚙踝蕭
嚙稷嚙踝蕭蛓嚙踝蕭F嚙緞嚙篇嚙誶學院嚙踝蕭s嚙踝蕭嚙緻嚙緹嚙璀嚙踝蕭2022嚙羯嚙碼嚙踝蕭}嚙締嚙皚嚙瘢嚙瞋嚙皚嚙踝蕭嚙瘡嚙諉，嚙碼嚙踝蕭k嚙罵嚙緩嚙踝蕭嚙碼嚙磕嚙盤200嚙踝蕭嚙踝蕭嚙糊嚙赭有嚙踝蕭嚙瞑嚙瞎嚙瘠嚙盤嚙諒鳴蕭嚙璀嚙糊嚙罵嚙篌嚙篁嚙緹嚙緩嚙緻嚙褒歹蕭嚙緬嚙瘡嚙踝蕭1990嚙羯嚙瞇嚙踝蕭嚙緘嚙踝蕭嚙複法嚙賠，嚙線嚙踝蕭J嚙踝蕭嚙箠嚙盤嚙箱嚙瘤嚙緞嚙踝蕭嚙談好嚙緞嚙璀嚙稽嚙踝蕭嚙磅嚙踝蕭嚙瘠
Taken together, those seizures amount to 嚙踝蕭the largest redistribution of property in Russia since the privatization drive嚙踝蕭 in the 1990s, said Alexander Kolyandr, a fellow at the Center for European Policy Analysis.
嚙誹洲嚙瘤嚙踝蕭嚙踝蕭嚙磋嚙踝蕭嚙賠穿蕭s嚙踝蕭嚙踝蕭Q嚙褓德嚙踝蕭嚙踝蕭嚙豌，嚙窯嚙諉剁蕭嚙踝蕭嚙璀嚙踝蕭嚙褒沒嚙踝蕭嚙踝蕭妢N嚙踝蕭嚙諛「嚙踝蕭1990嚙羯嚙瞇嚙踝蕭嚙褊私嚙踝蕭嚙複以嚙諉，嚙碼嚙踝蕭怳j嚙磕嚙課迎蕭嚙稽嚙踝蕭嚙踝蕭嚙編嚙踝蕭嚙緣嚙緞嚙瘠
Putin spearheaded a campaign to take over landmark assets from foreign owners in the first months of the war. He signed several decrees in 2022 and 2023, first barring the foreign owners from selling their assets, then allowing the state to 嚙踝蕭temporarily take over嚙踝蕭 Russian companies owned by individuals from 嚙踝蕭hostile nations.嚙踝蕭 But he has since taken a back seat as property seizures became widespread across different sectors of the economy.
嚙踝蕭嚙瘤嚙箭嚙碼嚙瞋嚙罷嚙諂最迎蕭X嚙諉歹蕭A嚙踝蕭氻@嚙踝蕭嚙緬嚙羯嚙踝蕭~嚙諒手中嚙豌剁蕭嚙踝蕭嚙踝蕭嚙請性資產嚙踝蕭嚙畿嚙褊。嚙盤嚙箭2022嚙瞎2023嚙羯嚙踝蕭嚙踝蕭簽嚙緘嚙篁嚙踝蕭嚙磋嚙瞌嚙璀嚙踝蕭嚙踝蕭嚙瞌嚙確嚙踝蕭~嚙踝蕭~嚙諒出嚙踝蕭窶�嚙璀嚙踝蕭嚙諛歹蕭嚙穀嚙踝蕭a嚙線嚙褓時梧蕭嚙豬」嚙諸「嚙衝對蕭嚙窮嚙緞嚙諉人嚙課擁佗蕭嚙踝蕭嚙碼嚙赭公嚙緬嚙瘠嚙踝蕭嚙瘡嚙諛資產嚙磅嚙踝蕭嚙箭嚙磊嚙諍經嚙誶鳴蕭儠荔蕭嚙踝蕭A嚙踝蕭嚙瘤嚙皺嚙篁嚙羯嚙踝蕭嚙踝蕭C
